⁸More than the three layers of landscape stated by Berque (1986), the biophysical, the subjective and the social, the model introduces a fourth layer or pole, considering cultural and intersubjective as separate poles. The main reason is to offer “…the possibility of better showing where the socio-cultural tensions, rifts, and disruptions are that determine landscapes today.” (Backhaus et al. 2008, p. 134)